影响长寿老人认知功能的多因素分析
杨富珍1 , 田小利2
1. 河南省焦作市温县人民医院神经内科,河南温县 454850
2. 南昌大学生命科学学院及人类衰老研究所,江西南昌 330031
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC360300) ; 国家自然科学基金重点项目(82330046)
Multifactorial analysis on the cognitive function of long-lived individuals
YANG Fuzhen1 , TIAN Xiaoli2
1. Department of Neurology, Wenxian County People’s Hospital, Jiaozuo City, Henan, Wenxian 454850 China
2. School of Life Sciences and Institute of Human Aging, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031 , China
摘要
目的 分析和评估影响长寿老人(90 岁以上)认知功能因素。方法 利用中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查数据(2018)分析影响长寿汉族老人认知功能的关键因素并在 2014 年数据予以验证。调查因素包括性别、居住地、生活习惯及罹患疾病 4 个方面。使用简易智能评分评估认知功能,纳入 90 岁以上个体。有序逻辑回归用以评价因素与认知功能的相关性。结果 删除痴呆患者后,女性认知功能障碍明显高于男性OR (95% CI)为 1.81(1.54~2.12);其他因素如经常食用水果、蔬菜、饮茶、饮酒(现在)、运动(现在)和高血压等,与认知功能障碍明显负相关,它们的OR (95% CI)分别为 0.71(0.58~0.87)、0.42(0.31~0.56)、0.77(0.64~0.93)、0.69(0.53~0.90)、0.44(0.36~0.55)和 0.66(0.57~0.77),均P<0.05; 而糖尿病与抽烟与认知功能障碍无关(均P>0.05)。结论 影响长寿老人认知功能的因素与普通人群并不完全相同,一些有害于普通人群认知功能的因素如抽烟、饮酒、糖尿病和高血压对长寿老人的影响较小甚至相反,提示对长寿老人相关疾病的诊疗需要综合考虑。
Abstract
Objective To determine the factors that affect cognitive functions in the long-lived individuals (90 years old or above). Method We took advantage of the datasets from Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey 2018 for discovery and 2014 for validation purpose, respectively. The included factors covered gender, residence, lifestyle, and illness. The individuals at the age of 90 or plus were enrolled into the study and an ordered logistic regression analysis was used to assess how the factors correlate with cognitive function. Results After exclusion of those with dementia, it was found that the cognitive impairment in females was significantly higher than that in males with OR(95%CI) of 1.81(1.54-2.12). Other factors such as fruits, vegetables, tea drinking, alcohol consumption (present), exercise (present), and hypertension were negatively correlated to the cognitive impairment with OR(95%CI) of 0.71(0.58-0.87)、0.42(0.31-0.56)、0.77(0.64-0.93)、0.69(0.53- 0.90)、0.44(0.36-0.55)and 0.66(0.57-0.77), all P<0.05. Diabetes and smoking exhibited no correlations with cognitive dysfunction (P>0.05). Conclusion Compared with general population, the long-lived individuals present differential responses to risk factors, such as smoking, alcoholic consumption, diabetes, and hypertension, for cognitive impairments. These findings may have potential implications in the improvement of cognitive functions and in the treatment of other common age-related diseases.
认知功能障碍包括痴呆和轻度认知功能障碍,临床症状包括记忆障碍、认知障碍、空间视觉障碍,有些患者还会出现执行功能障碍、沟通障碍、情绪异变甚至妄想等。研究表明我国 65 岁以上老年人的轻度认知障碍患病率农村为 20.8%、城镇为 25.1%[1]。认知功能障碍给个人、家庭和社会带来诸多危害,如自理能力下降及行动能力受限、人际交流障碍和社会隔离、增加其他疾病风险等,不仅增加了患者家庭的经济负担,也增加了社会医疗资源的压力[2]
流行病和群体遗传学研究表明,认知功能障碍与遗传、性别、增龄、生活习惯及疾病相关[2-5]。首先,遗传可直接参与或通过影响其他相关疾病如高同型半胱氨酸等间接参与认知功能障碍的发生[5-7]。其次,女性和生活习惯包括抽烟等与认知功能障碍严重程度呈正相关[8-13]。最后,常见老年疾病如高血压、糖尿病、脑卒中等也会促进认知功能障碍[14-17]。增龄是认知功能障碍主要危险因素。既往对认知功能影响因素的调查主要集中在普通老年人群(低于 85 岁),而影响长寿老人 (90 岁以上)认知功能因素的研究尚少[18-20]。事实上,长寿老人是人类健康衰老的模型,已有研究发现长寿家族罹患认知功能障碍的可能性明显低于同龄非长寿人群[21]。因此,理解长寿老人认知功能的影响因素,对维持高龄健康有重要的意义。
本研究利用中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查数据(2018)分析了影响长寿老人认知功能的关键因素并在 2014 年数据予以验证。分析和评估了长期生活习惯及疾病对长寿老人认知功能影响的关键因素。
1 对象和方法
1.1 研究对象
研究对象来自中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查数据[19]。在 2018 和 2014 年的调查数据中,分别纳入 3 571 例(2018 年)和 1 732(2014 年)90 岁和以上的汉族个体(长寿老人)。在 2018 年随访人群中,排除 2014 年随访健在的个体,使 2018 年和 2014 年随访人群成为独立人群。因为 2018 年随访人群更大和信息更详细,所以我们使用该人群作为“发现人群”,发现和筛选影响长寿老人认识功能的因素;使用 2014 年随访人群作为“验证人群”。
1.2 方法
使用 2018 年随访人群作为发现人群,2014 年随访人群作为验证人群。痴呆个体不纳入分析。
1.2.1 认知功能评价及分类
使用简易精神状态检查(Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE) 评估认知功能,评估涵盖定向、注册、注意力、记忆、语言和视觉构建技能 [22]。中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查数据中 MMSE 的具体内容及得分计算详见已发表文章[23-24]。MMSE的得分范围为 0~30 分,如果得分低于 24 分,则识别出认知障碍。以下临界水平用于对认知障碍进行分类:无认知障碍:24≤MMSE≤30;轻度认知障碍:18≤MMSE<24;中度/重度认知障碍: 0≤MMSE<18; 痴呆症:MMSE≤9 [25-26]。血管性痴呆被定义为中风或脑血管疾病的严重认知障碍/痴呆 (MMSE≤9)。
1.2.2 观察指标
纳入观察人群的以下指标:(1)人群基本信息;(2)性别对认知功能障碍的影响;(3)营养习惯对认知功能障碍的影响;(4)生活习惯对认知功能障碍的影响;(5)常见疾病对认知功能障碍的影响。
1.3 统计学处理
使用IBM SPSS Statistics(V29)软件完成统计学分析。队列差异用连续变量的独立t检验和分类变量的卡方检验进行检验。生活方式偏好为有序变量,从 “偶尔”到“经常”的顺序类别[24]。通过有序逻辑回归评价纳入变量与认知功能的相关性。单因素分析初步筛选影响认知功能的相关因素,多因素分析评估这些因素的贡献。控制年龄和性别,研究生活方式偏好和自我报告的疾病(包括高血压、心脏病、中风和糖尿病等)与认知障碍之间的相关性。
2 结果
2.1 人群基本信息
与 2014 年随访人群相比,2018 年 90 岁以上的人数明显增加(3 571 vs 1 732)。两组年龄、性别比例和血管痴呆占比没有明显区别;但 2018 年随访人群认知功能正常老年人占比降低(37.2% vs 42.0%, P=0.002),见表1
1纳入随访人群基本信息
2.2 性别对认知功能障碍影响
无论在 2018 还是 2014 的随访人群中,女性认知功能障碍明显高于男性。2018 年和 2014 年随访人群中,女性的比值比(odd ratio,OR)分别为 1.86 和 1.99 (P<0.001),见图12
2.3 营养习惯对认知功能障碍影响
本研究分析了经常食用水果、蔬菜、腌菜、大蒜、豆制品、肉类、鱼类、鸡蛋和糖对认知功能障碍影响,发现水果、蔬菜与认知功能障碍严重程度呈负相关且表现为剂量依赖性,这个现象在 2018 和 2014 年随访人群中均得到证实。见图12
2.4 生活习惯对认知功能障碍影响
本研究比较了“现在”和“过去”生活习惯,如饮酒、抽烟、锻炼和体力劳动以及是否经常饮茶对认知功能障碍影响,发现在 2018 年和 2014 年两个独立人群中,“现在锻炼”与认知功能障碍严重程度呈负相关,“之前锻炼”无相关性。而“现在饮酒”在 2018 年人群中与认知功能障碍严重程度呈负相关,在 2014 年人群中弱相关,P值位于临界值。饮茶在 2018 年长寿人群中发现与认知功能障碍严重程度呈负相关但没有剂量依赖性,在 2014 年人群中只有在“经常饮茶”人群中认知功能障碍减少,但P值位于临界值。见图12
2.5 常见疾病对认知功能障碍影响
本研究分析了高血压、心脏病、脑卒中和糖尿病对认知功能障碍影响,结果发现高血压与认知功能障碍严重程度呈负相关。该现象在 2018 年和 2014 年长寿人群中均得到验证。为了确定不同血压范围对认知功能障碍影响,根据血压的分类和高血压分级定义,本研究将 2018 年人群的血压分为 4 个组:小于 120、 120~139、140~159、160 mmHg及以上。发现,长寿人群血压在 120~139、140~159、160 mmHg 及以上均表现为认知功能障碍减轻。见图12和 3。
12018 年长寿老人认知功能影响因素分析
22014 年长寿老人认知功能影响因素分析
3不同收缩压对长寿老人认知功能影响因素分析
除此以外,在 2018 年的数据中发现“脑卒中”与认知功能障碍的严重程度呈正相关并在 2014 年的数据中验证。OR值在 2018 年和 2014 年的长寿人群中分别为 1.59(1.24~2.03,P<0.001)和 2.06(1.42~3.00, P<0.001)。但如果排除了“血管痴呆”,则发现脑卒中与认知功能障碍无关,说明“脑卒中”是血管痴呆的主要原因。
3 讨论
本研究发现 90 岁以上的长寿老人中,女性认知功能障碍明显高于男性。水果、蔬菜、饮茶、饮酒、锻炼及高血压与认知功能障碍严重程度呈负相关,糖尿病和抽烟与认知功能障碍无相关性。虽然中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查数据已经开放使用,本研究首次分析评估生活方式和多种疾病对 90 岁以上的长寿老人认知功能的影响。
认知功能障碍影响自理能力、行动能力受限、人际交流和增加其他疾病风险等,增加了患者家庭的经济负担和社会医疗资源的压力[1]。流行病学研究发现认知功能障碍与多种因素相关,包括遗传、年龄、性别、生活习惯和老年人常见疾病等[227-29]。长寿老人是人类健康衰老的模型,就认知功能而言,有研究发现长寿家族罹患认知功能障碍的可能性明显低于同龄非长寿人群,理解长寿老人认知功能的影响因素,对维持高龄健康有重要的意义[21]
本研究发现长寿老人中女性罹患认知功能障碍的比例明显高于男性,除此以外,还发现水果、蔬菜及运动与这些长寿老人的认知功能障碍严重程度呈负相关。这些与在普通人群中的发现没有区别[430-34],说明水果、蔬菜及运动对所有年龄阶段认知功能的维持均有益。另一方面,经常食用水果和蔬菜以及保持运动,也可能说明这些老人具有更好的经济条件和健康意识,对老年认知功能的维持也可能有重要意义。在长寿人群中,女性的比例明显高于男性[35],但女性的健康状况较差,其虚弱指数(frailty index)表示明显高于男性[36]。已有研究表明,虚弱指数与认知功能障碍呈明显正相关,说明整体健康状况低下可能是导致女性罹患认知功能障碍明显高于男性的原因[37]
本研究还发现高血压与长寿老人的认知功能障碍严重程度呈负相关,且随血压的升高相关程度增加; 另外,抽烟(过去或现在)对认知功能没有相关性。事实上,在普通人群中高血压、抽烟和糖尿病是多方验证和证实的心血管疾病的危险因素,同时也加速认知功能障碍的发生[1438-45]。说明长寿老人对环境和刺激的应答与普通人不完全相同。之前也有报道,在小个体长寿人群中发现高血压与认知功能障碍不相关[46],至少也说明在高血压不会损伤长寿老人的认知功能。本研究中,高血压是由长寿老人自报的,包括高血压史或正在罹患高血压(接受治疗)。因为首次检出高血压的时间无法确定,也不能确定高血压对认知功能的作用时间,是本研究的局限性。长寿老人不仅有遗传的因素,也是增龄和疾病筛选出来的相对健康人群[47]。高血压与认知功能障碍负相关在两个独立人群中均得到验证,说明本结果的可靠性。这个现象可能与升高血压增加大脑血管的灌流和循环相关[48];而抽烟不影响长寿老人的认知功能也说明长寿老人对抽烟损伤的抵抗能力强于普通人。除此以外外,长寿老人糖尿病的患病率较低,具有良好的代谢基础[49]。所以,这些发现不能简单推广到普通人群。
影响长寿老人认知功能的因素与普通人群并不完全相同,一些有害于普通人群认知功能的因素对长寿老人的影响较小甚至相反,提示对长寿老人相关疾病的诊疗需要综合考虑。控制生活习惯和维持一定血压范围对改善长寿老人认知功能重要参考价值。
12018 年长寿老人认知功能影响因素分析
22014 年长寿老人认知功能影响因素分析
3不同收缩压对长寿老人认知功能影响因素分析
1纳入随访人群基本信息
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